Exam Scheme

Note :-

1. Objective type paper.
2. All questions carry equal marks.
3. There will be negative marking.

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Syllabus : Toxicology Division

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1. Unit-I
   1. Analytical Chemistry : Classification of analytical methods - Classical and Instrumental, volumetric, titrimetric and gravimetric techniques, selection of proper analytical techniques: types and range of determination, accuracy, precision and errors, sample preparation, handling of reagents with safety, density and viscosity measurements.
   2. Statistical analysis : Mean, Mode, Median, Correlation and Regression analysis, Null Hypothesis, Variance, t-test, Chi-Square test. Type of Data, Measure of central tendency, Dispersion of data, Correlation, Probability and Proof.
2. Unit-II
   1. Analysis of unknown samples:-
      1. Organic: Physical examination, element detection (N, S, Cl, Br, I, F), Functional Group analysis (-OH, -COOH, -NO2, -NH2, -CONH2, -CO-, -CHO, Hydrocarbons)
      2. Inorganic: Qualitative analysis of cations and anions with special reference to cations i.e. As, Sb, Pb, Ba, Cu, Hg, Zn and Tl and anions i.e.NO2, NO3¯,S²-, SO42-, SO32, halides and cyanides. Analysis of poisonous gases: CO, H2S, PH3, CH4 and NH3.
3. Unit-III
   1. Spectroscopic and other techniques:-
      1. Unifying principles : Electromagnetic radiation, interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter- absorption, emission, transmission, reflection, refraction, dispersion, polarization and scattering.
      2. Basic principles, instrumentation and applications: UV- Visible, FTIR, AAS, Mass, Spectroscopy, Fluorescence and Phosphorescence spectrophotometry, ESR.
      3. Fundamentals of Acids, Bases and Buffers, pH, pKa, and pKb values, principles, instrumentation and applications of pH metry, Potentiometry, Conductometry and Microscopic analysis in forensic science.
4. Unit-IV
   1. Chromatography and Electrophoresis: General Principles and types of chromatographic techniques: Paper chromatography, column chromatography, Thin layer chromatography, adsorption chromatography, partition chromatography, Gas chromatography, Gas-liquid chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography, Exclusion (permeation) chromatography, affinity chromatography, HPLC, HPTLC, Capillary Chromatography and Electrophoresis.
5. Unit-V
   1. Basic Organic Chemistry: Important preparations and properties of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, amines and nitro compounds.
6. Unit-VI
   1. Proteins: Classification, Structure and Properties, Molecular weight determination, Isoelectric point, coagulation and denaturation.
   2. Carbohydrates: Classification, Structure and Reactions.
   3. Fats and Lipids: Classification, Structure and Reactions.
   4. Alkaloids: Classification, Isolation and Identification.
7. Unit-VII
   1. Forensic Toxicological examination and significance, Poison : Definition, classification, mode of action, chemical nature, methods of poison administration, Classification of poisoning : Accidental, homicidal and suicidal. Symptoms of poisoning and antidotes, Collection and preservation of toxicological exhibits in poisoning cases. Postmortem examination and postmortem changes, Medicolegal aspects of wounds, Modes of death.
8. Unit-VIII
   1. Different methods of extraction and isolation of poisons from visceral organs and other biological specimens : Solvent extraction, distillation/steam distillation, micro diffusion, dialysis, dry ashing and wet digestion.
   2. Pharmacology: Metabolism and excretion of poisons - Introduction, pathways of drug metabolism, nonsynthetic and synthetic pathways like oxidation, hydroxylation, N-and O-dealkylation, sulphoxide formation, conjugation, acetylation, methylation of drugs/poisons as exemplified by alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aliphatic amines, phenols, cyanide, barbiturates, opiates, benzodiazepines and amphetamines.
9. Unit-IX
   1. Analysis of volatile poisons, toxic metals and non-metallic anions in biological fluids.
   2. Analysis of pesticides : Organochlorinated, Organophosphorous, Synthetic pyrethroids, Carbamates, Aluminium phosphide and Zinc phosphide in visceral tissues.
10. Unit-X
    1. Methods of analysis of acidic and neutral drugs in biological fluids, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, aspirin, meprobamate, barbiturates etc.
    2. Method of analysis of basic drugs of abuse from biological specimens : Opium and its alkaloids, atropine, strychnine, brucine, cocaine, amphetamines and its derivatives, benzodiazepines, LSD, ketamine, methaqualone and nicotine.
    3. Method of analysis of mechanical poisons- Glass, diamond and hair.
    4. Plant poisons and their examination : Dhatura, Atropa belladonna, Marking nut, Nux vomica, Oleander, Aconite, Abrus, Cannabis, Croton and poisonous fungi.